21世纪的第一个十年,由于受互联网浪潮泡沫的冲击,美国证券市场上市业务大幅减少,而亚洲市场则一派红火。于是,纽约泛欧交易所集团(NYSE Euronext)和纳斯达克集团(Nasdaq OMX Group Inc.)开始大力拓展可能前往美国上市的公司。据统计,从2006年到2010年,共有325家总部在中国的公司赴美上市,其中共有222家中国企业是通过“反向收购”登陆美国市场的。
中国概念股VS做空机制
要在纳斯达克或纽约证券交易所上市,企业必须满足最低股东数量、资产或盈利等方面的要求。这些公司必须在美国证券交易委员会(Securities and Exchange Commission)登记,并提交经过审计的财务报表。由于大部分反向收购上市的中国企业采用了VIE架构,因此在法律效力和财务合规方面都存在一些“瑕疵”, 从而给一些做空机构提供了一些可乘之机。
2011年11月8日,美国证监会通过了有关通过反向并购美国壳公司在美上市规则的相关修订。此次修订定义了“反向收购”(Reverse Merger)的一些特征,规定了包括但不限于以下因素: a) 根据美国交易法案(the Exchange Act)12b-2条,该公司是否属于“壳公司”; b) 该公司积极资产(Active Asset)和消极资产(Passive Asset各自所占百分比; c) 该公司是否产生利润,如果产生,是由活动资产还是由非活动资产产生; d) 该公司产生利润部分的业务运营由多少员工支持? e) 该公司未有实质性运营的时长; f) 该公司是否发表声明有计划开展运营活动或产生利润,包括藉由短期并购或交易而实现。 根据新的上市规则,一家反向并购公司,只有满足有关条件才可在美国证券市场IPO上市。为了便于读者了解,我们保留了美国证监会的英文原文,如下: 1. concluded a “seasoning period” by trading for at least one year in the U.S. over-the-counter market or on another regulated U.S. or foreign exchange following: (A) in the case of NASDAQ, the filing with the SEC or other regulatory authority of all required information about the transaction, including audited financial statements (We note that the NASDAQ rule, in contrast to the NYSE and NYSE Amex rules, states that the audited financial statements must be “for the combined entity.” The Form 8-K filed within four business days following the reverse merger containing all of the information and financial statements required by the applicable items of Form 8-K, including Item 2.01(f) (commonly referred to as a “Super 8-K”) would not contain audited financial statements for the combined entity, but only for the operating company, with unaudited pro forma financial statements for the combined entity. The staff of NASDAQ has orally informed us that this variation was not intentional, and the financial statements required under Item 2.01(f) would be sufficient.); or (B) in the case of the NYSE and the NYSE Amex, the consummation of the reverse merger and (i) in the case of a domestic issuer, has filed with the SEC a “Super 8-K” or (ii) in the case of a foreign private issuer, has filed all of the information described in (i) above on Form 20-F; 2. maintained a closing stock price of $4 (or, in the case of the NYSE Amex, either $3 or $2, depending on the applicable listing standard) per share or higher for a sustained period of time, but in no event for less than 30 of the most recent 60 trading days prior to the filing of the
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PCAOB如何控制美国境外审计师的审计质量
美国公众公司会计监督委员会(Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ,简称“PCAOB”)是会计行业的自律性组织,它由PCAOB不同会员事务所的会计师组成,这些会计师要为PCAOB中的其他会员事务所进行年检。